Allium vegetables are widely consumed around the world and are known for their potential bioactive components improving human health. These effects have been extensively investigated; however, the results were inconsistent in human studies. Biomarkers of food intake (BFIs) could provide objective measurements of food intake in observational studies and assess compliance in intervention studies. Therefore, the discovery and application of BFIs for Allium vegetables would facilitate the exploring and understanding of the health benefit of Allium vegetables. In this manuscript, we reviewed the currently used and potential candidate BFIs for Allium vegetables and evaluated their levels of validation. S-Allylmercapturic acid (ALMA), allyl methyl sulfide (AMS), allyl methyl sulfoxide (AMSO), allyl methyl sulfone (AMSO2), and S-allylcysteine (SAC), which are derived from organosulfur compounds, were shown to be promising candidate BFIs for garlic consumption. Further validation is needed to assess their robustness and concordance with other measures. Their applicability for the whole food group should be evaluated as well. N-Acetyl-S-(2-carboxypropyl)cysteine (CPMA) was detected in high levels in urine after both garlic and onion intake, suggesting that it may be used for the assessment of intake of Allium food group. The available information regarding its kinetics, robustness, and analytical performance is limited and needs to be assessed in further studies. No candidate BFIs specific to intake of onion, leek, chives, shallots, or ramsons were found. Untargeted metabolomics studies and further validation studies should be performed to discover more reliable BFIs for individual Allium vegetables and the whole food group. This paper serves as an example of Biomarker of Food Intake Reviews (BFIRev) and biomarker of food intake validation procedures.

中文翻译：

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葱属蔬菜食物摄入的生物标志物。


葱属蔬菜在世界各地被广泛食用，并以其改善人类健康的潜在生物活性成分而闻名。这些影响已被广泛研究；然而，人类研究的结果并不一致。食物摄入生物标志物（BFI）可以在观察性研究中提供食物摄入量的客观测量，并评估干预研究中的依从性。因此，BFI在葱属蔬菜中的发现和应用将有助于探索和了解葱属蔬菜的健康益处。在这篇手稿中，我们回顾了当前使用的和潜在的葱属蔬菜候选 BFI，并评估了它们的验证水平。 S-烯丙基硫醇 (ALMA)、烯丙基甲基硫醚 (AMS)、烯丙基甲基亚砜 (AMSO)、烯丙基甲基砜 (AMSO2) 和 S-烯丙基半胱氨酸 (SAC) 均源自有机硫化合物，被证明是有前途的候选者用于大蒜消费的 BFI。需要进一步验证以评估其稳健性以及与其他措施的一致性。还应该评估它们对整个食物组的适用性。摄入大蒜和洋葱后，尿液中检测到高浓度的 N-乙酰基-S-(2-羧丙基)半胱氨酸 (CPMA)，这表明它可用于评估葱类食物的摄入量。有关其动力学、稳健性和分析性能的可用信息有限，需要在进一步的研究中进行评估。没有发现特定于洋葱、韭葱、细香葱、青葱或香葱摄入量的候选 BFI。应进行非针对性的代谢组学研究和进一步的验证研究，以发现单个葱类蔬菜和整个食物组更可靠的 BFI。 本文作为食物摄入生物标志物审查 (BFIRev) 和食物摄入生物标志物验证程序的示例。