The numbers of potential neurotoxicants in the environment are raising and pose a great risk for humans and the environment. Currently neurotoxicity assessment is mostly performed to predict and prevent harm to human populations. Despite all the efforts invested in the last years in developing novel in vitro or in silico test systems, in vivo tests with rodents are still the only accepted test for neurotoxicity risk assessment in Europe. Despite an increasing number of reports of species showing altered behaviour, neurotoxicity assessment for species in the environment is not required and therefore mostly not performed. Considering the increasing numbers of environmental contaminants with potential neurotoxic potential, eco-neurotoxicity should be also considered in risk assessment. In order to do so novel test systems are needed that can cope with species differences within ecosystems. In the field, online-biomonitoring systems using behavioural information could be used to detect neurotoxic effects and effect-directed analyses could be applied to identify the neurotoxicants causing the effect. Additionally, toxic pressure calculations in combination with mixture modelling could use environmental chemical monitoring data to predict adverse effects and prioritize pollutants for laboratory testing. Cheminformatics based on computational toxicological data from in vitro and in vivo studies could help to identify potential neurotoxicants. An array of in vitro assays covering different modes of action could be applied to screen compounds for neurotoxicity. The selection of in vitro assays could be guided by AOPs relevant for eco-neurotoxicity. In order to be able to perform risk assessment for eco-neurotoxicity, methods need to focus on the most sensitive species in an ecosystem. A test battery using species from different trophic levels might be the best approach. To implement eco-neurotoxicity assessment into European risk assessment, cheminformatics and in vitro screening tests could be used as first approach to identify eco-neurotoxic pollutants. In a second step, a small species test battery could be applied to assess the risks of ecosystems.

中文翻译：

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关于神经毒性评估的生态毒理学观点。

环境中潜在的神经毒性物质的数量正在增加，并给人类和环境带来巨大风险。目前，神经毒性评估主要用于预测和预防对人类的伤害。尽管最近几年在开发新型的体外或计算机模拟测试系统上投入了大量精力，但啮齿动物的体内测试仍然是欧洲唯一接受的神经毒性风险评估测试。尽管越来越多的物种显示出行为发生改变的报道，但是并不需要对环境中的物种进行神经毒性评估，因此大多数情况下没有进行评估。考虑到越来越多的具有潜在神经毒性潜力的环境污染物，在风险评估中还应考虑生态神经毒性。为此，需要能够应对生态系统内物种差异的新颖测试系统。在该领域，使用行为信息的在线生物监测系统可用于检测神经毒性作用，而作用导向分析则可用于识别引起作用的神经毒性剂。此外，毒性压力计算结合混合物建模可以使用环境化学监测数据来预测不利影响并确定污染物的优先级以进行实验室测试。基于来自体外和体内研究的计算毒理学数据的化学信息学可以帮助识别潜在的神经毒性物质。涵盖不同作用方式的一系列体外测定可用于筛选化合物的神经毒性。体外测定的选择可以由与生态神经毒性有关的AOP指导。为了能够对生态神经毒性进行风险评估，方法需要关注生态系统中最敏感的物种。使用不同营养级别的物种进行测试的电池可能是最好的方法。为了将生态神经毒性评估纳入欧洲风险评估，化学信息学和体外筛选测试可以用作识别生态神经毒性污染物的第一方法。第二步，可以使用一个小物种测试电池来评估生态系统的风险。为了将生态神经毒性评估纳入欧洲风险评估，化学信息学和体外筛选测试可以用作识别生态神经毒性污染物的第一方法。第二步，可以使用一个小物种测试电池来评估生态系统的风险。为了将生态神经毒性评估纳入欧洲风险评估，化学信息学和体外筛选测试可以用作识别生态神经毒性污染物的第一方法。第二步，可以使用一个小物种测试电池来评估生态系统的风险。