The purpose of this paper is to highlight some classic issues in the measurement of change and to show how contemporary solutions can be used to deal with some of these issues. Five classic issues will be raised here: (1) Separating individual changes from group differences; (2) options for incomplete longitudinal data over time, (3) options for nonlinear changes over time; (4) measurement invariance in studies of changes over time; and (5) new opportunities for modeling dynamic changes. For each issue we will describe the problem, and then review some contemporary solutions to these problems base on Structural Equation Models (SEM). We will fit these SEM to using existing panel data from the Health & Retirement Study (HRS) cognitive variables. This is not intended as an overly technical treatment, so only a few basic equations are presented, examples will be displayed graphically, and more complete references to the contemporary solutions will be given throughout.

中文翻译：

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健康与退休研究小组中认知的纵向动态分析。


本文的目的是强调变革衡量中的一些经典问题，并展示如何使用当代解决方案来处理其中一些问题。这里将提出五个经典问题：（1）将个体变化与群体差异分开； (2) 不完整纵向数据随时间变化的选项，(3) 随时间非线性变化的选项； (4) 研究随时间变化的测量不变性； (5) 动态变化建模的新机会。对于每个问题，我们都会描述问题，然后基于结构方程模型（SEM）回顾这些问题的一些当代解决方案。我们将使用来自健康与退休研究 (HRS) 认知变量的现有面板数据来拟合这些 SEM。这并不是一种过于技术性的处理，因此仅提出了一些基本方程，将以图形方式显示示例，并且将自始至终给出对当代解决方案的更完整的参考。