Slavery in ants involves robbing of brood of host ant species and rearing captured individuals in the enslaver’s nest. Whereas slaves of facultative slave-makers increase the workforce of the colony, in obligate slave-makers presence of slaves is vital for colony survival. Until recently, it was generally believed that enslaved workers act solely for the benefit of their social parasite and are wholly lost for their own colony and population. However, evidence that slaves may act also in favour of their own maternal population by engaging in various forms of the so-called slave rebellions is already quite extensive and may be found in both old and recent myrmecological literature, although, unfortunately, these data are often neglected or overlooked. They may be classified into four categories: (1) acts of physical aggression directed by slaves to slave-makers, (2) attempts of slaves to reproduce within a slave-maker colony, (3) ‘sabotage’, i.e. activities of slaves leading to weakening of the slave-maker colony and population, and (4) slave emancipation, i.e. partial or complete self-liberation of slaves from slave-maker colonies. In this review, we present and discuss all these diverse (often interrelated) expressions of slave opposition to their enslavers, focussing our discussion on both proximate and evolutionary causation of the discussed phenomena. We also indicate some open questions which remain to be answered by future research.

中文翻译：

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被奴役的蚂蚁：并不像人们想象的那么无助


对蚂蚁的奴役包括掠夺宿主蚂蚁的后代并在奴役者的巢穴中饲养捕获的个体。兼性奴隶制造者的奴隶增加了殖民地的劳动力，而在专性奴隶制造者中，奴隶的存在对于殖民地的生存至关重要。直到最近，人们普遍认为，被奴役的工人的行为只是为了他们的社会寄生虫的利益，而完全失去了他们自己的殖民地和人口。然而，有证据表明，奴隶也可能通过参与各种形式的所谓奴隶叛乱来为自己的母系人口采取行动，这一点已经相当广泛，并且可以在旧的和最近的真菌生态学文献中找到，尽管不幸的是，这些数据是经常被忽视或忽略。它们可以分为四类：（1）奴隶对奴隶制造者进行的身体攻击行为，（2）奴隶试图在奴隶制造者的殖民地内繁殖，（3）“破坏”，即奴隶领导的活动削弱奴隶制殖民地和人口，以及（4）奴隶解放，即奴隶从奴隶制殖民地部分或完全自我解放。在这篇评论中，我们提出并讨论了奴隶反对奴隶主的所有这些不同的（通常是相互关联的）表达方式，将我们的讨论集中在所讨论现象的直接因果关系和进化因果关系上。我们还提出了一些有待未来研究回答的悬而未决的问题。