Participants read either a metaphorical prime sentence, such as That defense lawyer is a shark, or they read a baseline-prime sentence. The baseline-prime sentence was literally meaningful in Experiment 1 (e.g., That large hammerhead is a shark), nonsensical in Experiment 2 (e.g., His English notebook is a shark), and unrelated in Experiment 3 (e.g., That new student is a clown). After reading the prime sentence, participants verified a target property statement. Verification latencies for property statements relevant to the superordinate category (e.g., Sharks are tenacious) were faster after participants read the metaphor-prime sentence than after they read the baseline-prime sentence, producing an enhancement effect. In contrast, verification latencies for property statements relevant to only the basic-level meaning of the vehicle and not the superordinate (e.g., Sharks are good swimmers), were slower following the metaphor-versus the baseline-prime sentence, producing a suppression effect. As Glucksberg and Keysar's (1990) class inclusion theory of metaphor predicts, the enhancement effect demonstrates that the vehicle of a metaphor stands for the superordinate category of the vehicle, and the suppression effect demonstrates that the metaphorical vehicle does not stand for its basic-level meaning.

中文翻译：

---

隐喻理解中抑制和增强的作用☆

参与者要么读一个比喻性的主要句子，比如那个辩护律师是一条鲨鱼，要么他们读一个基线主要句子。基线主句在实验 1 中字面上有意义（例如，那个大锤头是一条鲨鱼），在实验 2 中毫无意义（例如，他的英语笔记本是一条鲨鱼），而在实验 3 中无关紧要（例如，那个新学生是一条鲨鱼）小丑）。阅读主句后，参与者验证了目标财产声明。与上级类别（例如，鲨鱼是顽强的）相关的属性陈述的验证延迟在参与者阅读隐喻主句后比他们阅读基线主句后更快，产生了增强效果。相比之下，仅与车辆的基本含义相关而不与上级含义相关的属性声明的验证延迟（例如，鲨鱼是游泳好手），在隐喻之后更慢 - 与基线​​主句相比，产生抑制效果。正如 Glucksberg 和 Keysar (1990) 的隐喻类包含理论所预测的那样，增强效应表明隐喻的载体代表载体的上级范畴，抑制效应表明隐喻载体不代表其基本级别意义。