As graphene technologies progress to commercialization and large-scale manufacturing, issues of material and processing safety will need to be more seriously considered. The single word "graphene" actually represents a family of related materials with large variations in number of layers, surface area, lateral dimensions, stiffness, and surface chemistry. Many of these materials have aerodynamic diameters below 5 μm and can potentially be inhaled into the human lung. Graphene materials show several unique modes of interaction with biological molecules, tissues, and cells. The limited literature suggests that graphene materials can be either benign or harmful and that the biological response varies according to a material's physicochemical properties and biologically effective dose. The present article reviews the current literature on the graphene-biological interface with an emphasis on the mechanisms and fundamental biological responses relevant to material safety and also to potential biomedical applications.

中文翻译：

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石墨烯材料的生物相互作用和安全性。

随着石墨烯技术走向商业化和大规模制造，材料和加工安全问题将需要更加认真地考虑。“石墨烯”这个词实际上代表了一系列在层数、表面积、横向尺寸、刚度和表面化学方面具有很大差异的相关材料。其中许多材料的空气动力学直径低于 5 μm，有可能被吸入人肺。石墨烯材料显示出与生物分子、组织和细胞相互作用的几种独特模式。有限的文献表明，石墨烯材料可以是良性的，也可以是有害的，并且生物反应根据材料的物理化学性质和生物有效剂量而变化。本文回顾了有关石墨烯-生物界面的最新文献，重点关注与材料安全以及潜在生物医学应用相关的机制和基本生物反应。