BACKGROUND The incidence of nephrolithiasis in children and adolescents is increasing and appears to double every 10 years. The most important role of the pediatric nephrologist is to diagnose and modify various metabolic and non-metabolic risk factors, as well as prevent long-term complications especially in the case of recurrent nephrolithiasis. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this review is to summarize the existing literature on the etiology and management of pediatric nephrolithiasis. RESULTS The incidence of kidney stones is increasing; dietary and environmental factors are probably the main causes for this increased incidence. In most pediatric patients, the etiology for the kidney stones can be identified. Metabolic factors, such as hypercalciuria and hypocitraturia, urinary tract infection, and urinary stasis, constitute leading causes. Herein, we review the etiologies, diagnostic work-up, and treatment options for the most prevalent causes of kidney stones. The detrimental effects of excessive dietary sodium, reduced fluid intake, and the benefits of plant-based over animal-based protein consumption on urinary crystal formation are discussed. We also review the long-term complications. CONCLUSIONS Pediatric nephrologists have an important role in the diagnostic work-up and prevention of recurring nephrolithiasis.

中文翻译：

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教育评论：小儿肾脏病医生在肾结石的检查和管理中的作用。

背景技术儿童和青少年肾结石的发病率正在增加，并且似乎每十年增加一倍。儿科肾脏病医生的最重要作用是诊断和改变各种代谢和非代谢危险因素，并防止长期并发症，尤其是在复发性肾结石的情况下。目的本综述的目的是总结有关小儿肾结石病的病因和治疗的现有文献。结果肾结石的发生率正在增加；饮食和环境因素可能是导致发病率增加的主要原因。在大多数儿科患者中，可以确定肾结石的病因。导致高钙尿症和尿酸过多，尿路感染和尿路淤滞等代谢因素是主要原因。在这里 我们回顾了最常见的肾结石病因的病因，诊断检查和治疗选择。讨论了过量饮食中钠的不利影响，液体摄入量的减少以及基于植物的饮食优于基于动物的蛋白质消费对尿液结晶形成的好处。我们还将回顾长期并发症。结论小儿肾脏病医生在诊断性工作和预防复发性肾结石中起着重要作用。