BACKGROUND P. avium, a pioneer tree species that colonizes early forest successional stages, is assumed to require an effective strategy allowing stably repeatable rounds of local establishment, dispersal and local extinction. Consequently, the early replacement of cherry by climax tree species makes the establishment of several local generations very unlikely, especially in central European continuous cover forests. This has to be seen in connection with the mixed reproduction system involving asexual reproduction as a complementary adaptational strategy. Tests of the local establishment of wild cherry must therefore consider the possibility of first generation establishment via seedling recruitment potentially followed by an asexual generation (root suckering). Successful establishment can therefore be determined only among adult individuals with the option of detecting vegetative reproduction at these stages. To test the implied suggestion about local establishment strategies of wild cherry, nuclear microsatellites were used to analyse patterns of asexual propagation among adult stages that have been subjected to one of two major types of forest management. These management types, the historical "coppice with standards system" (CWS) and the "high forest system" (HFS), can be reasonably assumed to have affected the reproduction system of P. avium. RESULTS Clear differences were found in the reproduction pattern between two stands representing the two forest management types: 1) Clonal propagation is observed in both management systems, but with a distinctly higher frequency in the CWS. Hence, sexual recruitment as a first local generation is followed by a second asexual generation in both, whereas in the CWS there is evidence for an additional clonal generation. 2) The estimation of amounts of clonal reproduction critically depends on the assumptions about multilocus gene associations. This is revealed by the application of newly developed methods of quantifying gene associations. 3) Haplotype diversities are higher in the CWS and found to be associated with a large degree of heterozygosity for the second largest clonal group. 4) Seed set was sparse over the last eight years of observation in the CWS stand. CONCLUSION This study provides useful guidelines for more comprehensive investigations, particularly on the interrelationships between degrees of cloning and capacity of sexual reproduction, amounts of multilocus gene associations, effects of heterozygosity on cloning success, and sustainability of different forest management types.

中文翻译：

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检测野樱桃的本地建立策略（Prunus avium L.）。

背景技术假单胞菌（P. avium）是一种定殖在森林演替早期阶段的先锋树种，被认为需要一种有效的策略，以允许稳定的，可重复的回合的局部建立，扩散和局部灭绝。因此，尽早用高潮树种代替樱桃使得建立几代当地树种的可能性非常小，尤其是在中欧连续覆盖森林中。必须结合涉及无性生殖的混合生殖系统作为补充的适应策略来考虑这一点。因此，对野樱桃本地种植的测试必须考虑通过幼苗募集建立第一代的可能性，随后可能是无性繁殖（抽根）。因此，只有在成年个体中才能确定成功的建立，并可以选择在这些阶段检测营养繁殖。为了测试关于野樱桃本地化建立策略的暗示建议，使用核微卫星分析了经历了两种主要森林管理类型之一的成年阶段之间的无性繁殖模式。可以合理地认为这些管理类型是历史上的“符合标准的系统”（CWS）和“高级森林系统”（HFS），它们已经影响了鸟笼草的繁殖系统。结果在代表两种森林经营类型的两个林分之间的繁殖方式上发现了明显差异：1）在两个经营系统中均观察到了无性繁殖，但在CWS中的频率明显更高。因此，这两个地方都将性征招募作为第一代本地性世代，随后是第二个无性生殖世代，而在CWS中，有证据表明还有另外的克隆世代。2）克隆繁殖量的估计主要取决于有关多基因座基因关联的假设。这是通过应用新开发的定量基因关联方法来揭示的。3）CWS中的单倍型多样性较高，并且与第二大克隆组的高度杂合性相关。4）在过去的8年中，CWS展位的种子集稀疏。结论本研究为更全面的调查提供了有用的指导，