Glucose homeostasis greatly depends on the match between fluctuating insulin demands and adjusted rates of insulin secretion, which is the function of pancreatic beta cells. Emerging evidence suggests that when neonatal beta cells mature, they acquire two faces of differentiated function: an expected "visible face" that depends on specific beta cell proteins needed for regulated insulin release, but also a "hidden face" that represses ubiquitous proteins to prevent inappropriate beta cell function such as elevated basal hormone secretion or insulin release triggered by exercise. This review highlights this novel concept, and we first propose that hidden faces may also be relevant for other specialized tissue functions, such as ketogenesis in the liver. Next, we discuss three scenarios in which aberrant gene expression causes abnormal glucose-induced insulin release and the epigenetic regulation of the hidden face in beta cells. We conclude with perspectives for new research, including beta cell replacement to cure diabetes.

中文翻译：

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不允许的基因表达：成熟的胰岛β细胞的两张面孔。

葡萄糖体内平衡在很大程度上取决于波动的胰岛素需求量与调节的胰岛素分泌速率之间的匹配，这是胰腺β细胞的功能。越来越多的证据表明，当新生儿β细胞成熟时，它们会获得两个分化功能的面孔：一个预期的“可见面孔”，它取决于调节胰岛素释放所需的特定β细胞蛋白质，还有一个“隐藏面孔”，其抑制普遍存在的蛋白质以防止不合适的β细胞功能，例如运动引起的基础激素分泌增加或胰岛素释放。这篇综述强调了这个新颖的概念，我们首先提出隐藏的面孔也可能与其他专门的组织功能有关，例如肝脏中的生酮作用。下一个，我们讨论了三种情况，其中异常的基因表达导致异常的葡萄糖诱导的胰岛素释放和β细胞中隐性面孔的表观遗传调控。我们以新研究的前景作为结论，包括治疗糖尿病的β细胞替代。