Cognitive-motivational styles describe predominant patterns of processing or biases that broadly influence human cognition and performance. Here we focus on the impact of cognitive-motivational styles on the response to cues predicting the availability of food or addictive drugs. An individual may preferably conduct an analysis of the motivational significance of reward cues, with the result that such cues per se are perceived as rewarding and worth approaching and working for. Alternatively, a propensity for a "cold" analysis of the behavioral utility of a reward cue may yield search behavior for food or drugs but not involve cue approach. Animal models for studying the neuronal mechanisms mediating such styles have originated from research concerning behavioral indices that predict differential vulnerability to addiction-like behaviors. Rats classified as sign- or goal-trackers (STs, GTs) were found to have opposed attentional biases (bottom-up or cue-driven attention vs. top-down or goal-driven attentional control) that are mediated primarily via relatively unresponsive versus elevated levels of cholinergic neuromodulation in the cortex. The capacity for cholinergic neuromodulation in STs is limited by a neuronal choline transporter (CHT) that fails to support increases in cholinergic activity. Moreover, in contrast to STs, the frontal dopamine system in GTs does not respond to the presence of drug cues and, thus, biases against cue-oriented behavior. The opponent cognitive-motivational styles that are indexed by sign- and goal-tracking bestow different cognitive-behavioral vulnerabilities that may contribute to the manifestation of a wide range of neuropsychiatric disorders. (PsycINFO Database Record

中文翻译：

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认知动机风格的神经科学：标志和目标跟踪器作为动物模型。

认知动机风格描述了主要影响人类认知和表现的加工模式或偏见。在这里，我们重点关注认知动机风格对提示预测食物或成瘾药物可用性的提示的影响。个人可以优选地对奖励线索的动机意义进行分析，其结果是，这些线索本身被认为是奖励的，值得接近并为之努力。或者，对奖励提示的行为效用进行“冷”分析的倾向可能会产生对食品或药品的搜索行为，但不涉及提示方法。用于研究介导这种风格的神经元机制的动物模型源自有关行为指数的研究，这些行为指数预测了成瘾样行为的不同易损性。发现被分类为体征或目标追踪者（ST，GT）的大鼠具有相反的注意偏见（自下而上或提示驱动的注意力与自上而下或由目标驱动的注意力控制），其主要通过相对无反应的抗性和皮质中胆碱能神经调节水平升高。ST中胆碱能神经调节的能力受到无法支持胆碱能活性增加的神经元胆碱转运蛋白（CHT）的限制。此外，与STs相比，GTs中的额叶多巴胺系统不响应药物提示的存在，因此偏向于提示提示行为。通过符号跟踪和目标跟踪来索引的对手认知动机风格赋予了不同的认知行为漏洞，这些漏洞可能导致各种神经精神疾病的表现。