Erythropoiesis is the process in which new erythrocytes are produced. These new erythrocytes replace the oldest erythrocytes (normally about one percent) that are phagocytosed and destroyed each day. Folate, vitamin B12, and iron have crucial roles in erythropoiesis. Erythroblasts require folate and vitamin B12 for proliferation during their differentiation. Deficiency of folate or vitamin B12 inhibits purine and thymidylate syntheses, impairs DNA synthesis, and causes erythroblast apoptosis, resulting in anemia from ineffective erythropoiesis. Erythroblasts require large amounts of iron for hemoglobin synthesis. Large amounts of iron are recycled daily with hemoglobin breakdown from destroyed old erythrocytes. Many recently identified proteins are involved in absorption, storage, and cellular export of nonheme iron and in erythroblast uptake and utilization of iron. Erythroblast heme levels regulate uptake of iron and globin synthesis such that iron deficiency causes anemia by retarded production rates with smaller, less hemoglobinized erythrocytes.

中文翻译：

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红细胞生成的新见解：叶酸，维生素B12和铁的作用。

红细胞生成是产生新的红细胞的过程。这些新的红细胞取代了每天被吞噬和破坏的最老的红细胞（通常约为百分之一）。叶酸，维生素B12和铁在促红细胞生成中起关键作用。促红细胞在分化过程中需要叶酸和维生素B12才能增殖。叶酸或维生素B12的缺乏会抑制嘌呤和胸苷的合成，损害DNA的合成，并导致成红细胞凋亡，导致无效的红细胞生成导致贫血。成血红细胞需要大量的铁来合成血红蛋白。每天都会回收大量铁，并从被破坏的旧红细胞中分解出血红蛋白。最近发现的许多蛋白质都参与了吸收，存储，以及非血红素铁的细胞出口以及成红细胞中铁的吸收和利用。成血红细胞血红素水平调节铁和球蛋白合成的摄取，从而铁缺乏会导致血红蛋白含量较小，血红蛋白较少的生产速度降低，从而导致贫血。