The term apomixis encompasses a suite of processes whereby seeds form asexually in plants. In contrast to sexual reproduction, seedlings arising from apomixis retain the genotype of the maternal parent. The transfer of apomixis and its effective utilization in crop plants (where it is largely absent) has major advantages in agriculture. The hallmark components of apomixis include female gamete formation without meiosis (apomeiosis), fertilization-independent embryo development (parthenogenesis), and developmental adaptations to ensure functional endosperm formation. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying apomixis, a developmentally fascinating phenomenon in plants, is critical for the successful induction and utilization of apomixis in crop plants. This review draws together knowledge gained from analyzing ovule, embryo, and endosperm development in sexual and apomictic plants. It consolidates the view that apomixis and sexuality are closely interrelated developmental pathways where apomixis can be viewed as a deregulation of the sexual process in both time and space.

中文翻译：

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APOMIXIS：发展视角

术语无融合生殖包括一系列过程，由此种子在植物中无性形成。与有性繁殖相反，无融合生殖产生的幼苗保留了母本的基因型。无融合生殖的转移及其在作物植物中的有效利用（在那里它基本上不存在）在农业中具有主要优势。无融合生殖的标志性成分包括无减数分裂的雌性配子形成（无减数分裂）、不依赖受精的胚胎发育（孤雌生殖）和发育适应以确保功能性胚乳的形成。了解无融合生殖的分子机制，这是植物中一种令人着迷的发育现象，对于成功诱导和利用作物植物中的无融合生殖至关重要。本综述汇集了从分析胚珠、胚胎、和有性和无融合生殖植物的胚乳发育。它巩固了无融合生殖和性行为是密切相关的发育途径的观点，其中无融合生殖可以被视为在时间和空间上对性过程的放松管制。