The study of chloroplast movement made a quantum leap at the beginning of the twenty-first century. Research based on reverse-genetic approaches using targeted mutants has brought new concepts to this field. One of the most exciting findings has been the discovery of photoreceptors for both accumulation and avoidance responses in Arabidopsis and in the fern Adiantum. Evidence for the adaptive advantage of chloroplast avoidance movements in plant survival has also been found. Additional discoveries include mechano-stress-induced chloroplast movement in ferns and mosses, and microtubule-mediated chloroplast movement in the moss Physcomitrella. The possible ecological significance of chloroplast movement is discussed in the final part of this review.

中文翻译：

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叶绿体运动。

叶绿体运动的研究在二十一世纪初取得了巨大的飞跃。基于靶向突变体的逆向遗传方法的研究为这一领域带来了新的概念。最令人兴奋的发现之一是在拟南芥和蕨类铁线蕨中发现了既能积累又能避免反应的光感受器。还发现了叶绿体回避运动在植物存活中的适应性优势的证据。其他发现包括机械应力引起的蕨类植物和苔藓中的叶绿体运动，以及微管介导的苔藓假单胞菌中的叶绿体运动。在这篇综述的最后部分讨论了叶绿体运动的可能的生态意义。