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GIBBERELLINS ANDFLOWERING OFGRASSES ANDCEREALS: Prizing Open the Lid of the “Florigen” Black Box
Annual Review of Plant Biology ( IF 21.3 ) Pub Date : 2003-06-01 , DOI: 10.1146/annurev.arplant.54.031902.135029
Rod W King 1 , Lloyd T Evans
Affiliation  

Comprehensive studies in grasses show that gibberellins (GAs) play a role as a florigen. For Lolium temulentum, which flowers in response to a single long day (LD), GAs are a transmitted signal, their content increasing in the leaf early in the LD and then, hours later, at the shoot apex. There is a continuous trail of evidence of hormonal action of these GAs for L. temulentum and support for a similar role in the flowering of other LD-responsive temperate grasses and cereals. A characteristic of the initial flowering responses of grasses and cereals is their limited stem elongation. Interestingly, it is GAs with low effectiveness for stem elongation, GA5 and GA6, that reach the shoot apex and, structurally, are probably not degraded by 2-oxidase enzymes. By contrast, GA1 and GA4 cause stem elongation, may be inactive for floral evocation, and do not reach the vegetative shoot apex apparently because of susceptibility to degradation. However, GA4 can be florally active if protected against 2-oxidases either structurally or by using a 2-oxidase inhibitor. Later in inflorescence development, GA1 and GA4 can be detected at the shoot apex and are florally active if applied. The 2-oxidase restricting accessibility to the apex has probably declined at this time so there is a second florigenic, LD-regulated GA action. A growing body of molecular evidence supporting these actions of GA may provide a future basis for manipulating flowering of grasses and cereals.

中文翻译:

赤霉素和花草和谷物:撬开“Florigen”黑匣子的盖子

对草的综合研究表明,赤霉素 (GA) 起到了成花素的作用。对于长日照 (LD) 开花的黑麦草,GAs 是一种传输信号,其含量在 LD 早期在叶片中增加,然后在几小时后在芽尖增加。有持续的证据表明这些 GA 对 L. temulentum 有激素作用,并支持在其他对 LD 响应的温带禾本科植物的开花中发挥类似作用。草和谷物的初始开花反应的一个特征是它们的茎伸长有限。有趣的是,达到茎尖的 GA5 和 GA6 对茎伸长的有效性较低,并且在结构上可能不会被 2-氧化酶降解。相比之下,GA1 和 GA4 导致茎伸长,可能对花的唤起无活性,并且由于对降解的敏感性,显然没有到达营养茎尖。然而,如果在结构上或通过使用 2-氧化酶抑制剂保护 GA4 免受 2-氧化酶的影响,则 GA4 可以具有花活性。在花序发育的后期,可以在茎尖检测到 GA1 和 GA4,如果施用则具有花活性。限制进入顶点的 2-氧化酶此时可能已经下降,因此存在第二个成花、LD 调节的 GA 作用。越来越多的分子证据支持 GA 的这些作用,可能为未来操纵草类和谷物的开花提供基础。在花序发育的后期,可以在茎尖检测到 GA1 和 GA4,如果施用则具有花活性。限制进入顶点的 2-氧化酶此时可能已经下降,因此存在第二个成花、LD 调节的 GA 作用。越来越多的分子证据支持 GA 的这些作用,可能为未来操纵草类和谷物的开花提供基础。在花序发育的后期,可以在茎尖检测到 GA1 和 GA4,如果施用则具有花活性。限制进入顶点的 2-氧化酶此时可能已经下降,因此存在第二个成花、LD 调节的 GA 作用。越来越多的分子证据支持 GA 的这些作用,可能为未来操纵草类和谷物的开花提供基础。
更新日期:2003-06-01
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