"Sampling errors and design effects from 48 nationally representative surveys conducted under the Demographic and Health Surveys Program for a large number of variables concerning fertility, family planning, fertility intentions, child health and mortality etc. are analysed for the total sample, and for urban-rural domains, sub-national regions and various demographic and socio-economic subclasses.... At the country level, overall design effect (the ratio of actual to simple random sampling standard error) averaged over all variables and countries is around 1.5. Variation among countries is high, but less so than among variables. Urban-rural and regional differentials in design effects are small, and can be attributed to the fact that similar sample designs and cluster sizes were used across those domains within each country. Design effects for estimates over other subclasses are smaller, and tend towards 1.0 for small subclasses and differences, apart from the effect of sample weights which tends to persist undiminished across variables and subclasses." (SUMMARY IN FRE)

中文翻译：

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人口健康调查的抽样误差分析。

“根据人口和健康调查方案进行的48项全国代表性调查的抽样误差和设计效果，分析了总样本和城市人口中与生育率，计划生育，生育意图，儿童健康和死亡率等有关的大量变量。 -农村地区，国家以下地区以及各种人口和社会经济子类别...。在国家/地区一级，所有变量和国家/地区的总体设计效果（实际与简单随机抽样标准误之比）平均约为1.5。国家之间的差异很大，但差异小于变量之间的差异，城乡和区域设计效果的差异很小，这可以归因于这样一个事实，即在每个国家的各个领域中使用了相似的样本设计和聚类大小。除了样本权重的影响倾向于在变量和子类之间持续减少之外，其他子类的估计的设计效果较小，并且对于较小的子类和差异趋向于1.0。”（摘要）