The long-term effect of early life undernutrition on late gestation energy expenditure (EEgest) was investigated in sheep. Ewes were fed either adequate (100%) or restricted (60%) energy and protein during late foetal life as well as during last trimester of gestation later in life, resulting in three groups: Adequate-Adequate (AA, n = 5), Adequate-Restricted (AR, n = 5) and Restricted-Restricted (RR, n = 5). At two weeks pre-partum, EEgest were calculated from respiratory gaseous exchange and nitrogen excreted in urine and further it was partitioned to energy expenditure for conceptus development (EEconceptus) and homeorhetic adaptations in maternal metabolism (EEhomeorhetic). Late gestational energy and protein restriction reduced the EEgest in the AR ewes (4.1 MJ · d−1) but not in the RR ewes (5.2 MJ · d−1) compared with the AA ewes (6.8 MJ · d−1). Based on conceptus-weight, no significant difference was found in EEhomeorhetic among the groups; 172, 175 and 169 kJ/kg · d−1 in AA, AR and RR ewes, respectively. However, EEconceptus was significantly lower in AR (135 kJ/kg · d−1) in comparison with AA (298 kJ/kg · d−1) and RR (252 kJ/kg · d−1) ewes. In conclusion, exposure nutrient restriction in early life impairs the ability of ewes to respond to nutritional restriction in terms of energy expenditure of gestation.

中文翻译：

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胎儿期营养不良对母羊妊娠期能量消耗的影响

在绵羊中研究了生命早期营养不良对妊娠后期能量消耗 (EEgest) 的长期影响。在胎儿生命后期以及生命后期妊娠的最后三个月期间，母羊被喂养足够 (100%) 或限制 (60%) 的能量和蛋白质，结果分为三组：充足-充足 (AA, n = 5)，充分限制 (AR, n = 5) 和限制限制 (RR, n = 5)。在产前两周，EEgest 是根据呼吸气体交换和尿液中排泄的氮计算的，并进一步划分为用于概念发育的能量消耗 (EEconceptus) 和母体代谢的顺势适应 (EEhomeorhetic)。与 AA 母羊相比，妊娠晚期能量和蛋白质限制降低了 AR 母羊 (4.1 MJ · d-1) 的 EEgest，但不降低 RR 母羊 (5.2 MJ · d-1) 的 EEgest (6. 8 MJ·d-1)。基于概念权重，各组间EEhomeorhetic无显着差异；AA、AR 和 RR 母羊分别为 172、175 和 169 kJ/kg · d-1。然而，与 AA (298 kJ/kg · d-1) 和 RR (252 kJ/kg · d-1) 母羊相比，AR (135 kJ/kg · d-1) 母羊的 EEconceptus 显着降低。总之，生命早期暴露营养限制会损害母羊在妊娠期能量消耗方面对营养限制做出反应的能力。