Flooding is an environmental stress for many natural and man-made ecosystems worldwide. Genetic diversity in the plant response to flooding includes alterations in architecture, metabolism, and elongation growth associated with a low O(2) escape strategy and an antithetical quiescence scheme that allows endurance of prolonged submergence. Flooding is frequently accompanied with a reduction of cellular O(2) content that is particularly severe when photosynthesis is limited or absent. This necessitates the production of ATP and regeneration of NAD(+) through anaerobic respiration. The examination of gene regulation and function in model systems provides insight into low-O(2)-sensing mechanisms and metabolic adjustments associated with controlled use of carbohydrate and ATP. At the developmental level, plants can escape the low-O(2) stress caused by flooding through multifaceted alterations in cellular and organ structure that promote access to and diffusion of O(2). These processes are driven by phytohormones, including ethylene, gibberellin, and abscisic acid. This exploration of natural variation in strategies that improve O(2) and carbohydrate status during flooding provides valuable resources for the improvement of crop endurance of an environmental adversity that is enhanced by global warming.

中文翻译：

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洪水压力：适应和遗传多样性

洪水是全球许多自然和人为生态系统的环境压力。植物对洪水的反应中的遗传多样性包括与低 O(2) 逃逸策略和允许长时间淹没耐力的对立静止方案相关的结构、新陈代谢和伸长率增长的改变。洪水经常伴随着细胞 O(2) 含量的减少，当光合作用受限或不存在时，这种情况尤为严重。这需要通过无氧呼吸产生 ATP 和再生 NAD(+)。模型系统中基因调控和功能的检查提供了对与碳水化合物和 ATP 的控制使用相关的低 O(2) 传感机制和代谢调整的深入了解。在发展层面，植物可以通过细胞和器官结构的多方面改变来逃避由洪水引起的低 O(2) 压力，这些改变促进了 O(2) 的获取和扩散。这些过程由植物激素驱动，包括乙烯、赤霉素和脱落酸。这种在洪水期间改善 O(2) 和碳水化合物状态的策略中自然变化的探索为改善作物对全球变暖加剧的环境逆境的耐受力提供了宝贵的资源。