Electrical stimulation of nerve tissue and recording of neural electrical activity are the basis of emerging prostheses and treatments for spinal cord injury, stroke, sensory deficits, and neurological disorders. An understanding of the electrochemical mechanisms underlying the behavior of neural stimulation and recording electrodes is important for the development of chronically implanted devices, particularly those employing large numbers of microelectrodes. For stimulation, materials that support charge injection by capacitive and faradaic mechanisms are available. These include titanium nitride, platinum, and iridium oxide, each with certain advantages and limitations. The use of charge-balanced waveforms and maximum electrochemical potential excursions as criteria for reversible charge injection with these electrode materials are described and critiqued. Techniques for characterizing electrochemical properties relevant to stimulation and recording are described with examples of differences in the in vitro and in vivo response of electrodes.

中文翻译：

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神经刺激和记录电极。

神经组织的电刺激和神经电活动的记录是新兴的假体和治疗脊髓损伤，中风，感觉缺陷和神经系统疾病的基础。对神经刺激和记录电极行为的电化学机制的理解对于长期植入设备的开发非常重要，尤其是那些采用大量微电极的设备。为了进行刺激，可以使用通过电容和法拉第机理支持电荷注入的材料。这些包括氮化钛，铂和氧化铱，每种都有某些优点和局限性。描述并批判了使用电荷平衡波形和最大电化学电势偏移作为使用这些电极材料进行可逆电荷注入的标准。描述了表征与刺激和记录有关的电化学性质的技术，并举例说明了电极在体外和体内反应中的差异。