Bacillus cereus is widespread in nature and frequently isolated from soil and growing plants, but it is also well adapted for growth in the intestinal tract of insects and mammals. From these habitats it is easily spread to foods, where it may cause an emetic or a diarrhoeal type of food-associated illness that is becoming increasingly important in the industrialized world. The emetic disease is a food intoxication caused by cereulide, a small ring-formed dodecadepsipeptide. Similar to the virulence determinants that distinguish Bacillus thuringiensis and Bacillus anthracis from B. cereus, the genetic determinants of cereulide are plasmid-borne. The diarrhoeal syndrome of B. cereus is an infection caused by vegetative cells, ingested as viable cells or spores, thought to produce protein enterotoxins in the small intestine. Three pore-forming cytotoxins have been associated with diarrhoeal disease: haemolysin BL (Hbl), nonhaemolytic enterotoxin (Nhe) and cytotoxin K. Hbl and Nhe are homologous three-component toxins, which appear to be related to the monooligomeric toxin cytolysin A found in Escherichia coli. This review will focus on the toxins associated with foodborne diseases frequently caused by B. cereus. The disease characteristics are described, and recent findings regarding the associated toxins are discussed, as well as the present knowledge on virulence regulation.

中文翻译：

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从土壤到肠道：蜡状芽孢杆菌及其食物中毒毒素。

蜡状芽孢杆菌在自然界中广泛分布，经常与土壤和生长中的植物隔离，但也非常适合昆虫和哺乳动物在肠道中的生长。从这些栖息地，它很容易传播到食品中，在这里可能引起呕吐或腹泻型与食物相关的疾病，在工业化世界中，这一疾病变得越来越重要。呕吐性疾病是由小环内酯类小环内酯引起的食物中毒。类似于将苏云金芽孢杆菌和炭疽芽孢杆菌与蜡状芽孢杆菌区分开来的毒力决定因素，蜡状内酯的遗传决定因素是质粒携带的。蜡状芽胞杆菌的腹泻综合征是由营养细胞（以活细胞或孢子形式摄入）引起的感染，被认为在小肠中产生蛋白质肠毒素。腹泻病与三种成孔性细胞毒素有关：溶血素BL（Hbl），非溶血性肠毒素（Nhe）和细胞毒素K。Hbl和Nhe是同源的三成分毒素，似乎与在实验室中发现的单聚毒素细胞溶素A有关。大肠杆菌。这篇综述将集中在与蜡状芽孢杆菌经常引起的食源性疾病有关的毒素上。描述疾病的特征，并讨论有关相关毒素的最新发现，以及有关毒力调节的当前知识。这篇综述将集中在与蜡状芽孢杆菌经常引起的食源性疾病有关的毒素上。描述疾病的特征，并讨论有关相关毒素的最新发现，以及有关毒力调节的当前知识。这篇综述将集中在与蜡状芽孢杆菌经常引起的食源性疾病有关的毒素上。描述疾病的特征，并讨论有关相关毒素的最新发现，以及有关毒力调节的当前知识。