Pathogen entry into host tissue is a critical first step in causing infection. For foliar bacterial plant pathogens, natural surface openings, such as stomata, are important entry sites. Historically, these surface openings have been considered as passive portals of entry for plant pathogenic bacteria. However, recent studies have shown that stomata can play an active role in limiting bacterial invasion as part of the plant innate immune system. As a counter-defense, the plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 uses the virulence factor coronatine to actively open stomata. In nature, many foliar bacterial disease outbreaks require high humidity, rain, or storms, which could favor stomatal opening and/or bypass stomatal defense by creating wounds as alternative entry sites. Further studies on microbial and environmental regulation of stomatal closure and opening could fill gaps in our understanding of bacterial pathogenesis, disease epidemiology, and microbiology of the phyllosphere.

中文翻译：

---

气孔在植物先天免疫和叶细菌性疾病中的作用。


病原体进入宿主组织是引起感染的关键的第一步。对于叶面细菌植物病原体来说，自然表面开口（例如气孔）是重要的进入位点。从历史上看，这些表面开口被认为是植物病原细菌的被动进入门户。然而，最近的研究表明，气孔作为植物先天免疫系统的一部分，可以在限制细菌入侵方面发挥积极作用。作为反防御措施，植物病原体丁香假单胞菌 pv。番茄 DC3000 使用毒力因子冠菌素主动打开气孔。在自然界中，许多叶面细菌性疾病的爆发需要高湿度、降雨或暴风雨，这可能有利于气孔开放和/或通过形成伤口作为替代进入部位来绕过气孔防御。对气孔关闭和开放的微生物和环境调节的进一步研究可以填补我们对细菌发病机制、疾病流行病学和叶际微生物学理解的空白。