Research on substance use disorders is often compartmentalized, focused on understanding addiction to one substance or substance class at a time. Although this approach has contributed significantly to knowledge about addictions, early-onset substance use disorders appear to share common etiology with each other and with other disorders, traits, behaviors, and endophenotypes associated with behavioral disinhibition. We propose that a common genetic liability to behavioral disinhibition underlies the co-occurrence of these externalizing attributes. This liability is expressed in part through brain mechanisms related to cognitive control, impulsivity, and sensitivity to reward, all of which are maturing during adolescence. During this important transitional period, problem behaviors emerge, including the initiation of substance use. Exposure to various environmental risks further amplifies the risk associated with the common liability, increasing the likelihood of addiction generally. Specific environmental and genetic factors ultimately contribute to the differentiation among externalizing disorders.

中文翻译：

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行为抑制和早期成瘾的发展：常见和特定的影响。

关于药物滥用疾病的研究通常是分开的，侧重于一次了解一种物质或一种物质类别的成瘾性。尽管这种方法极大地促进了关于成瘾的知识，但早期发作的物质使用障碍似乎彼此之间以及与其他与行为抑制有关的障碍，特征，行为和内表型具有共同的病因。我们建议共同的遗传行为行为抑制的基础上这些外部化属性的同时出现。这种责任部分通过与认知控制，冲动和对奖励的敏感性有关的大脑机制来表达，所有这些机制在青春期都已经成熟。在这个重要的过渡时期，出现了问题行为，包括开始使用药物。暴露于各种环境风险中会进一步加剧与共同责任相关的风险，从而普遍增加成瘾的可能性。特定的环境和遗传因素最终导致了外部性疾病之间的区别。