Among the microbiota of amphibian skin are bacteria that produce antifungal compounds. We isolated cutaneous bacteria from the skins of three populations of the nest-attending plethodontid salamander Hemidactylium scutatum and subsequently tested the bacterial isolates against two different fungi (related to Mariannaea elegans and Rhizomucor variabilis) that were obtained from dead salamander eggs. The culturable antifungal bacteria were phylogenetically characterized based on 16S rRNA phylogeny, and belonged to four phyla, comprising 14 bacterial families, 16 genera and 48 species. We found that about half of the antifungal bacterial genera and families were shared with a related salamander species, but there was virtually no overlap at the species level. The proportion of culturable antifungal bacterial taxa shared between two large populations of H. scutatum was the same as the proportion of taxa shared between H. scutatum and Plethodon cinereus, suggesting that populations within a species have unique antifungal bacterial species. Approximately 30% of individuals from both salamander species carried anti-M. elegans cutaneous bacteria and almost 90% of P. cinereus and 100% of H. scutatum salamanders carried anti-R. variabilis cutaneous bacteria. A culture independent method (PCR/DGGE) revealed a shared resident bacterial community of about 25% of the entire resident bacterial community within and among populations of H. scutatum. Thus, the culturable antifungal microbiota was far more variable on salamander skins than was the bacterial microbiota detected by PCR/DGGE. The resident cutaneous antifungal bacteria may play an important role in amphibians' innate defense against pathogens, including the lethal chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis.

中文翻译：

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从雌性四趾sal中分离出具有抗真菌活性的皮肤细菌的多样性。

在两栖动物皮肤的微生物群中，有产生抗真菌化合物的细菌。我们从三只巢巢的食人鱼He半皮金龟的皮肤中分离出了皮肤细菌，然后测试了从死sal蛋中获得的针对两种不同真菌（与秀丽线虫和Rhizomucor variabilis有关）的细菌分离株。基于16S rRNA系统发育，对可培养的抗真菌细菌进行了系统发育分析，属于四个门，包括14个细菌科，16属和48种。我们发现，约有一半的抗真菌细菌属和科与相关的am科动物共享，但在物种水平上几乎没有重叠。在两个大的盾片菌种群之间共享的可培养的抗真菌细菌类群的比例与在盾形菌和灰霉菌之间共享的类群的比例相同，这表明一个物种内的种群具有独特的抗真菌菌种。来自两种sal的大约30％的个体携带抗M。秀丽隐杆线虫皮肤细菌和几乎90％的灰质疟原虫和100％的盾形H都携带抗R. 变异性皮肤细菌。一种不依赖培养物的方法（PCR / DGGE）显示了一个共同的常驻细菌群落，约占全皮鳞茎种群内部和之中的全部常驻细菌群落的25％。因此，sal皮肤上可培养的抗真菌菌群比PCR / DGGE检测到的细菌菌群具有更大的可变性。