Well-resolved molecular gene trees illustrate the concept of descent with modification and exhibit the opposing processes of drift and migration, both of which influence population structure. Phylogenies of the maternally inherited mtDNA genome and the paternally inherited portion of the nonrecombining Y chromosome retain sequential records of the accumulation of genetic diversity. Although knowledge regarding the diversity of the entire human genome will be needed to completely characterize human genetic evolution, these uniparentally inherited loci are unique indicators of gender in modulating the extant population structure. We compare and contrast these loci for patterns of continuity and discreteness and discuss how their phylogenetic diversity and progression provide means to disentangle ancient colonization events by pioneering migrants from subsequent overlying migrations. We introduce new results concerning Y chromosome founder haplogroups C, DE, and F that resolve their previous trifurcation and improve the harmony with the mtDNA recapitulation of the out-of-Africa migration.

中文翻译：

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y染色体和线粒体DNA种群结构在追踪人类迁徙中的应用。

解析度高的分子基因树说明了经过修饰的后裔概念，并显示出相反的漂移和迁移过程，这两者都会影响种群结构。母系遗传的mtDNA基因组的系谱和非重组Y染色体的母系遗传部分保留了遗传多样性积累的顺序记录。尽管将需要有关整个人类基因组多样性的知识来完全表征人类遗传进化，但是这些唯一继承的基因座是调节现存种群结构的性别的唯一指标。我们比较并对比了这些基因座的连续性和离散性模式，并讨论了它们的系统发育多样性和进展如何通过开拓先驱者从随后的上覆移民中分离古代殖民事件的方式。我们介绍了有关Y染色体创始人单倍群C，DE和F的新结果，这些单倍群解决了它们以前的三叉戟并提高了与非洲外迁徙的mtDNA概括的协调性。