Neurons that produce gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) reside in the basal forebrain and drive reproductive function in mammals. Understanding the circuitry that regulates GnRH neurons is fundamental to comprehending the neuroendocrine control of puberty and reproduction in the adult. This review focuses on a family of neuropeptides encoded by the Kiss1 gene, the kisspeptins, and their cognate receptor, GPR54, which have been implicated in the regulation of GnRH secretion. Kisspeptins are potent secretagogues for GnRH, and the Kiss1 gene is a target for regulation by gonadal steroids (e.g., estradiol and testosterone), metabolic factors (e.g., leptin), photoperiod, and season. Kiss1 neurons in the arcuate nucleus may regulate the negative feedback effect of gonadal steroids on GnRH and gonadotropin secretion in both sexes. The expression of Kiss1 in the anteroventral periventricular nucleus (AVPV) is sexually dimorphic, and Kiss1 neurons in the AVPV may participate in the generation of the preovulatory GnRH/luteinizing hormone (LH) surge in the female rodent. Kiss1 neurons have emerged as primary transducers of internal and environmental cues to regulate the neuroendocrine reproductive axis.

中文翻译：

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Kisspeptins和GPR54在神经内分泌调节中的作用。

产生促性腺激素释放激素（GnRH）的神经元驻留在基底前脑中，并驱动哺乳动物的生殖功能。理解调节GnRH神经元的电路对于理解成年人的青春期和生殖的神经内分泌控制至关重要。这篇综述的重点是由Kiss1基因，kisseptins及其相关受体GPR54编码的神经肽家族，这些家族参与了GnRH分泌的调节。Kisspeptins是GnRH的有效促分泌剂，而Kiss1基因是性腺类固醇（如雌二醇和睾丸激素），代谢因子（如leptin），光周期和季节调节的靶标。弓形核中的Kiss1神经元可能调节性腺类固醇对男女性别GnRH和促性腺激素分泌的负反馈作用。前房室周围核（AVPV）中Kiss1的表达是有性的，并且AVPV中的Kiss1神经元可能参与了雌性啮齿动物排卵前GnRH /黄体生成激素（LH）激增的产生。Kiss1神经元已成为内部和环境线索的主要转换器，以调节神经内分泌生殖轴。