Cyclooxygenase-derived prostanoids exert complex and diverse functions within the kidney. The biological effect of each prostanoid is controlled at multiple levels, including (a) enzymatic reactions catalyzed sequentially by cyclooxygenase and prostanoid synthase for the synthesis of bioactive prostanoid and (b) the interaction with its receptors that mediate its functions. Cyclooxygenase-derived prostanoids act in an autocrine or a paracrine fashion and can serve as physiological buffers, protecting the kidney from excessive functional changes during physiological stress. Through these actions, prostanoids play important roles in maintaining renal function, body fluid homeostasis, and blood pressure. Renal cortical COX2-derived prostanoids, particularly PGI2 and PGE2, play critical roles in maintaining blood pressure and renal function in volume-contracted states. Renal medullary COX2-derived prostanoids appear to have an antihypertensive effect in individuals challenged with a high-salt diet. Loss of EP2 or IP receptor is associated with salt-sensitive hypertension. COX2 also plays a role in maintaining renal medullary interstitial cell viability in the hypertonic environment of the medulla. Cyclooxygenase-derived prostanoids also are involved in certain pathological processes. The cortical COX2-derived PGI2 participates in the pathogenesis of renal vascular hypertension through stimulating renal renin synthesis and release. COX-derived prostanoids also appear to be involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. COXs, prostanoid synthases, and prostanoid receptors should provide fruitful targets for intervention in the pharmacological treatment of renal disease.

中文翻译：

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肾脏中前列腺素的生理调节。

环氧合酶衍生的前列腺素在肾脏内发挥复杂而多样的功能。每个前列腺素的生物学作用都控制在多个水平上，包括（a）环氧化酶和前列腺素合酶顺序催化的酶促反应，以合成生物活性前列腺素，以及（b）与其介导其功能的受体的相互作用。环氧合酶衍生的类前列腺素以自分泌或旁分泌的方式起作用，可以用作生理缓冲剂，从而保护肾脏免受生理压力期间过度的功能变化。通过这些作用，前列腺素在维持肾功能，体液稳态和血压中起重要作用。肾皮质COX2衍生的前列腺素，尤其是PGI2和PGE2，在容积收缩状态下，在维持血压和肾功能方面起着关键作用。肾髓质COX2衍生的前列腺素似乎对高盐饮食挑战的个体具有降压作用。EP2或IP受体的丢失与盐敏感性高血压有关。在髓质的高渗环境中，COX2在维持肾髓质间质细胞的活力中也起着作用。环氧合酶衍生的类前列腺素也参与某些病理过程。皮质COX2衍生的PGI2通过刺激肾素的合成和释放参与肾血管高血压的发病机制。COX衍生的前列腺素似乎也参与了糖尿病性肾病的发病机制。COX，类前列腺素合酶，