Retrospective and prospective studies consistently show that individuals exposed to human-generated traumatic events carry a higher risk of developing Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) than those exposed to other kinds of events. These studies also consistently identify perceptions of social support both before and after a traumatic event as an important factor in the determining vulnerability to the development of PTSD. We review the literature on interpersonal traumas, social support and risk for PTSD and integrate findings with recent advances in developmental psychopathology, attachment theory and social neuroscience. We propose and gather evidence for what we term the social ecology of PTSD, a conceptual framework for understanding how both PTSD risk and recovery are highly dependent on social phenomena. We explore clinical implications of this conceptual framework.

中文翻译：

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社会纽带和创伤后应激障碍。


回顾性和前瞻性研究一致表明，暴露于人为创伤事件的个体比暴露于其他类型事件的个体患创伤后应激障碍（PTSD）的风险更高。这些研究还一致认为，创伤事件前后对社会支持的看法是决定创伤后应激障碍发展脆弱性的重要因素。我们回顾了有关人际创伤、社会支持和创伤后应激障碍风险的文献，并将研究结果与发展精神病理学、依恋理论和社会神经科学的最新进展相结合。我们提出并收集了所谓的 PTSD 社会生态学的证据，这是一个概念框架，用于理解 PTSD 风险和恢复如何高度依赖于社会现象。我们探讨这个概念框架的临床意义。