Improved methods of assessment and research design have established a robust and causal association between stressful life events and major depressive episodes. The chapter reviews these developments briefly and attempts to identify gaps in the field and new directions in recent research. There are notable shortcomings in several important topics: measurement and evaluation of chronic stress and depression; exploration of potentially different processes of stress and depression associated with first-onset versus recurrent episodes; possible gender differences in exposure and reactivity to stressors; testing kindling/sensitization processes; longitudinal tests of diathesis-stress models; and understanding biological stress processes associated with naturally occurring stress and depressive outcomes. There is growing interest in moving away from unidirectional models of the stress-depression association, toward recognition of the effects of contexts and personal characteristics on the occurrence of stressors, and on the likelihood of progressive and dynamic relationships between stress and depression over time-including effects of childhood and lifetime stress exposure on later reactivity to stress.

中文翻译：

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压力和沮丧。

评估和研究设计的改进方法已经在压力性生活事件和严重抑郁发作之间建立了稳固的因果关系。本章简要回顾了这些进展，并试图找出该领域的差距和最新研究的新方向。在几个重要的主题上有明显的缺点：慢性压力和抑郁的测量和评估；探索与首次发作和复发发作相关的潜在压力和抑郁过程；压力源暴露和反应的可能性别差异；测试点燃/敏化过程；素质压力模型的纵向测试；并了解与自然发生的压力和抑郁结果相关的生物压力过程。