This chapter provides a review of recent empirical developments, current controversies, and areas in need of further research in relation to factors that are common as well as specific to the etiology and maintenance of panic disorder, phobias, and generalized anxiety disorder. The relative contribution of broad risk factors to these disorders is discussed, including temperament, genetics, biological influences, cognition, and familial variables. In addition, the role that specific learning experiences play in relation to each disorder is reviewed. In an overarching hierarchical model, it is proposed that generalized anxiety disorder, and to some extent panic disorder, loads most heavily on broad underlying factors, whereas specific life history contributes most strongly to circumscribed phobias.

中文翻译：

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恐慌症，恐惧症和广泛性焦虑症。

本章概述了恐慌症，恐惧症和广泛性焦虑症的常见病因和维持因素以及与之相关的近期经验发展，当前争议以及需要进一步研究的领域。讨论了广泛的危险因素对这些疾病的相对贡献，包括气质，遗传，生物学影响，认知和家族变量。此外，还回顾了特定学习经历在每种疾病中所起的作用。在总体的分层模型中，提出了广泛性焦虑症（在某种程度上是恐慌症）对广泛的潜在因素负有最大的责任，而特定的生活史对限制恐惧症的贡献最大。