Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) results from exposure to a traumatic event that poses actual or threatened death or injury and produces intense fear, helplessness, or horror. U.S. population surveys reveal lifetime PTSD prevalence rates of 7% to 8%. Potential reasons for varying prevalence rates across gender, cultures, and samples exposed to different traumas are discussed. Drawing upon a conditioning model of PTSD, we review risk factors for PTSD, including pre-existing individual-based factors, features of the traumatic event, and posttrauma social support. Characteristics of the trauma, particularly peritraumatic response and related cognitions, and posttrauma social support appear to confer the greatest risk for PTSD. Further work is needed to disentangle the interrelationships among these factors and elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Based upon existing treatment outcome studies, we recommend use of exposure therapies and anxiety management training as first-line treatment for PTSD. Among psychopharmacological treatments, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors evidence the strongest treatment effects, yet these effects are modest compared with psychological treatments.

中文翻译：

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创伤后应激障碍：病因，流行病学和治疗结果。

创伤后应激障碍（PTSD）由暴露于造成实际或威胁性死亡或伤害的创伤事件引起，并产生强烈的恐惧，无助或恐怖。美国人口调查显示，一生中PTSD的患病率为7％至8％。讨论了不同性别，文化和暴露于不同创伤的样本中患病率变化的潜在原因。基于PTSD的条件模型，我们回顾了PTSD的风险因素，包括基于个人的既有因素，创伤事件的特征以及创伤后的社会支持。创伤的特征，尤其是创伤周围的反应和相关的认知，以及创伤后的社会支持，似乎给PTSD带来了最大的风险。需要进一步的工作来弄清这些因素之间的相互关系，并阐明潜在的机制。根据现有的治疗结果研究，我们建议使用暴露疗法和焦虑管理培训作为PTSD的一线治疗。在心理药物治疗中，选择性5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂显示出最强的治疗效果，但与心理治疗相比，这些作用是中等的。