Dietary proteins and amino acids are important modulators of glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity. Although high intake of dietary proteins has positive effects on energy homeostasis by inducing satiety and possibly increasing energy expenditure, it has detrimental effects on glucose homeostasis by promoting insulin resistance and increasing gluconeogenesis. Varying the quality rather than the quantity of proteins has been shown to modulate insulin resistance induced by Western diets and has revealed that proteins derived from fish might have the most desirable effects on insulin sensitivity. In vitro and in vivo data also support an important role of amino acids in glucose homeostasis through modulation of insulin action on muscle glucose transport and hepatic glucose production, secretion of insulin and glucagon, as well as gene and protein expression in various tissues. Moreover, amino acid signaling is integrated by mammalian target of rapamycin, a nutrient sensor that operates a negative feedback loop toward insulin receptor substrate 1 signaling, promoting insulin resistance for glucose metabolism. This integration suggests that modulating dietary proteins and the flux of circulating amino acids generated by their consumption and digestion might underlie powerful new approaches to treat various metabolic diseases such as obesity and diabetes.

中文翻译：

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膳食蛋白和氨基酸在胰岛素抵抗发病机理中的作用。

膳食蛋白质和氨基酸是葡萄糖代谢和胰岛素敏感性的重要调节剂。尽管饮食蛋白质的高摄入量通过诱导饱腹感并可能增加能量消耗而对能量稳态产生积极影响，但它通过促进胰岛素抵抗和增加糖异生作用而对葡萄糖稳态产生不利影响。已经证明，改变蛋白质的质量而不是蛋白质的数量可以调节西方饮食诱导的胰岛素抵抗，并且已经表明，源自鱼类的蛋白质可能对胰岛素敏感性具有最理想的作用。体外和体内数据还支持氨基酸通过调节胰岛素对肌肉葡萄糖转运和肝葡萄糖生成，胰岛素和胰高血糖素分泌，以及各种组织中的基因和蛋白质表达。此外，氨基酸信号已被雷帕霉素的哺乳动物靶标整合，雷帕霉素是一种营养传感器，可对胰岛素受体底物1信号进行负反馈，从而促进葡萄糖代谢的胰岛素抵抗。这种整合表明，调节饮食蛋白质和由其消耗和消化产生的循环氨基酸通量可能是治疗肥胖症和糖尿病等各种代谢性疾病的强大新方法的基础。