All cytoskeletal elements known from eukaryotic cells are also present in bacteria, where they perform vital tasks in many aspects of the physiology of the cell. Bacterial tubulin (FtsZ), actin (MreB), and intermediate filament (IF) proteins are key elements in cell division, chromosome and plasmid segregation, and maintenance of proper cell shape, as well as in maintenance of cell polarity and assembly of intracellular organelle-like structures. Although similar tasks are performed by eukaryotic cytoskeletal elements, the individual functions of FtsZ, MreBs, and IFs are different from those performed by their eukaryotic orthologs, revealing a striking evolutional plasticity of cytoskeletal proteins. However, similar to the functions of their eukaryotic counterparts, the functions conferred by bacterial cytoskeletal proteins are driven by their ability to form dynamic filamentous structures. Therefore, the cytoskeleton was a prokaryotic invention, and additional bacteria-specific cytoskeletal elements, such as fibril and MinD-type ATPases, that confer various functions in cell morphology and during the cell cycle have been observed in prokaryotes. The investigation of these elements will give fundamental information for all types of cells and can reveal the molecular mode of action of cytoskeletal, filament-forming proteins.

中文翻译：

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细菌中的细胞骨架元素。

真核细胞中已知的所有细胞骨架成分也存在于细菌中，它们在细胞生理学的许多方面执行重要任务。细菌微管蛋白（FtsZ），肌动蛋白（MreB）和中间丝（IF）蛋白是细胞分裂，染色体和质粒分离，维持适当细胞形状以及维持细胞极性和细胞内细胞器组装的关键要素类结构。尽管通过真核细胞骨架元件执行相似的任务，但FtsZ，MreBs和IF的各自功能与通过其真核直向同源物所执行的功能不同，从而揭示了惊人的细胞骨架蛋白进化可塑性。但是，与真核生物类似，细菌细胞骨架蛋白赋予的功能是由其形成动态丝状结构的能力驱动的。因此，细胞骨架是原核生物的发明，并且在原核生物中观察到赋予细胞形态和细胞周期各种功能的其他细菌特异性细胞骨架元件，例如原纤维和MinD型ATP酶。对这些元素的研究将为所有类型的细胞提供基本信息，并可揭示细胞骨架，长丝形成蛋白的分子作用方式。已经在原核生物中观察到了赋予细胞形态和细胞周期各种功能的物质。对这些元素的研究将为所有类型的细胞提供基本信息，并可揭示细胞骨架，长丝形成蛋白的分子作用方式。已经在原核生物中观察到了赋予细胞形态和细胞周期各种功能的物质。对这些元素的研究将为所有类型的细胞提供基本信息，并可揭示细胞骨架，长丝形成蛋白的分子作用方式。