The plant basal immune system can detect broadly present microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs, also called PAMPs) and induce defenses, but adapted microbes express a suite of effector proteins that often act to suppress these defenses. Plants have evolved other receptors (R proteins) that detect these pathogen effectors and activate strong defenses. Pathogens can subsequently alter or delete their recognized effectors to avoid defense elicitation, at risk of a fitness cost associated with loss of those effectors. Significant research progress is revealing, among other things, mechanisms of MAMP perception, the host defense processes and specific host proteins that pathogen effectors target, the mechanisms of R protein activation, and the ways in which pathogen effector suites and R genes evolve. These findings carry practical ramifications for resistance durability and for future resistance engineering. The present review uses numerous questions to help clarify what we know and to identify areas that are ripe for further investigation.

中文翻译：

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诱导子，效应子和R基因：新范式和终生问题。

植物基础免疫系统可以检测广泛存在的微生物相关分子模式（MAMPs，也称为PAMPs）并诱导防御，但适应的微生物表达了一组效应蛋白，这些效应蛋白通常起着抑制这些防御作用的作用。植物已经进化出其他受体（R蛋白）来检测这些病原体效应物并激活强大的防御能力。病原体随后可以改变或删除其公认的效应子，以避免防御诱导，但存在与那些效应子损失相关的适应成本的风险。重要的研究进展揭示了MAMP感知的机制，病原体效应子靶向的宿主防御过程和特定宿主蛋白，R蛋白活化的机制以及病原体效应子套件和R基因的进化方式。这些发现对电阻的耐用性和未来的电阻工程有实际的影响。本综述使用了许多问题来帮助阐明我们所了解的内容，并确定需要进一步研究的领域。