Noninvasive brain stimulation with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) or transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is valuable in research and has potential therapeutic applications in cognitive neuroscience, neurophysiology, psychiatry, and neurology. TMS allows neurostimulation and neuromodulation, while tDCS is a purely neuromodulatory application. TMS and tDCS allow diagnostic and interventional neurophysiology applications, and focal neuropharmacology delivery. However, the physics and basic mechanisms of action remain incompletely explored. Following an overview of the history and current applications of noninvasive brain stimulation, we review stimulation device design principles, the electromagnetic and physical foundations of the techniques, and the current knowledge about the electrophysiologic basis of the effects. Finally, we discuss potential biomedical and electrical engineering developments that could lead to more effective stimulation devices, better suited for the specific applications.

中文翻译：

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非侵入性人脑刺激。

经颅磁刺激（TMS）或经颅直流电刺激（tDCS）的无创性脑刺激在研究中很有价值，并且在认知神经科学，神经生理学，精神病学和神经病学方面具有潜在的治疗应用。TMS允许神经刺激和神经调节，而tDCS是纯神经调节应用。TMS和tDCS允许诊断和介入性神经生理学应用以及局灶性神经药理学传递。然而，物理和基本的作用机理仍未完全探讨。在概述了非侵入性脑刺激的历史和当前应用之后，我们回顾了刺激设备的设计原理，技术的电磁和物理基础，以及有关影响的电生理基础的最新知识。最后，