The clinical challenges of skeletal regenerative medicine have motivated significant advances in cellular and tissue engineering in recent years. In particular, advances in molecular biology have provided the tools necessary for the design of gene-based strategies for skeletal tissue repair. Consequently, genetic engineering has emerged as a promising method to address the need for sustained and robust cellular differentiation and extracellular matrix production. As a result, gene therapy has been established as a conventional approach to enhance cellular activities for skeletal tissue repair. Recent literature clearly demonstrates that genetic engineering is a principal factor in constructing effective methods for tissue engineering approaches to bone, cartilage, and connective tissue regeneration. This review highlights this literature, including advances in the development of efficacious gene carriers, novel cell sources, successful delivery strategies, and optimal target genes. The current status of the field and the challenges impeding the clinical realization of these approaches are also discussed.

中文翻译：

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骨骼再生医学的基因工程。

近年来，骨骼再生医学的临床挑战推动了细胞和组织工程学的重大进步。特别是，分子生物学的进步为设计基于基因的骨骼组织修复策略提供了必要的工具。因此，基因工程已经成为一种有前途的方法，可以满足持续而强大的细胞分化和细胞外基质生产的需求。结果，基因治疗已被确立为增强用于骨骼组织修复的细胞活性的常规方法。最近的文献清楚地表明，基因工程是构建有效的组织工程方法以骨骼，软骨和结缔组织再生的主要因素。这篇评论重点介绍了这些文献，包括有效基因载体的开发，新型细胞来源，成功的递送策略和最佳靶基因的进展。还讨论了该领域的现状和阻碍这些方法临床实现的挑战。