The widespread availability of high-performance computing and popularity of simulations stimulated the development of computational anthropomorphic models of the human anatomy for medical imaging modalities and dosimetry calculations. The widespread interest in molecular imaging spurred the development of more realistic three- to five-dimensional computational models based on the actual anatomy and physiology of individual humans and small animals. These can be defined by either mathematical (analytical) functions or digital (voxel-based) volume arrays (or a combination of both), thus allowing the simulation of medical imaging data that are ever closer to actual patient data. The paradigm shift away from the stylized human models is imminent with the development of more than 30 voxel-based tomographic models in recent years based on anatomical medical images. We review the fundamental and technical challenges of designing computational models of the human anatomy, and focus particularly on the latest developments and future directions of their application in the simulation of radiological imaging systems and dosimetry calculations.

中文翻译：

---

人体解剖学的拟人化模型：放射科学中逼真的蒙特卡洛建模方法。

高性能计算的广泛普及和模拟的普及刺激了用于医学成像模态和剂量计算的人体解剖学计算拟人化模型的发展。对分子成像的广泛兴趣促使人们根据个体和小动物的实际解剖结构和生理学，开发出更现实的3至5维计算模型。这些可以通过数学（分析）功能或数字（基于体素的）体积阵列（或两者的组合）定义，从而可以模拟更接近实际患者数据的医学成像数据。近年来，随着基于解剖医学图像的30多种基于体素的X线断层摄影模型的发展，即将摆脱人体模型的范式转变迫在眉睫。我们回顾了设计人体解剖学计算模型的基本和技术挑战，并特别关注它们在放射成像系统模拟和剂量学计算中的应用的最新发展和未来方向。