Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are produced in many places in living cells and at an increased rate during biotic or abiotic stress. ROS and RNS participate in signal transduction, but also modify cellular components and cause damage. We first look at the most common ROS and their properties. We then consider the ways in which the cell can regulate their production and removal. We critically assess current knowledge about modifications of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), DNA, carbohydrates, and proteins and illustrate this knowledge with case stories wherever possible. Some oxidative breakdown products, e.g., from PUFA, can cause secondary damage. Other oxidation products are secondary signaling molecules. We consider the fate of the modified components, the energetic costs to the cell of replacing such components, as well as strategies to minimize transfer of oxidatively damaged components to the next generation.

中文翻译：

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植物细胞成分的氧化修饰

活性氧 (ROS) 和活性氮 (RNS) 在活细胞的许多地方产生，并且在生物或非生物胁迫期间会增加。ROS 和 RNS 参与信号转导，但也会改变细胞成分并造成损伤。我们首先看看最常见的 ROS 及其属性。然后我们考虑细胞可以调节它们的产生和去除的方式。我们批判性地评估当前关于多不饱和脂肪酸 (PUFA)、DNA、碳水化合物和蛋白质的修饰的知识，并尽可能用案例来说明这些知识。一些氧化分解产物，例如来自 PUFA 的产物，会造成二次损伤。其他氧化产物是次级信号分子。我们考虑修改后的组件的命运，