Technological advances in recent years have allowed for an ever-expanding ability to analyze and quantify in vivo immune responses. MHC tetramers, intracellular cytokine staining, an increasing repertoire of transgenic and "knockout" mice, and the detailed characterization of a variety of infectious models have all facilitated more precise and definitive analyses of the generation and function of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). Understanding the mechanisms behind the differentiation of effector and memory CTL is of increasing importance to develop vaccination strategies against a variety of established and emerging infectious diseases. This review focuses on recent advances in our understanding of how effector and memory CTL differentiate and survive in vivo in response to viral or bacterial infection.

中文翻译：

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效应子和记忆CTL分化。

近年来的技术进步已使分析和定量体内免疫反应的能力不断扩展。MHC四聚体，细胞内细胞因子染色，转基因和“敲除”小鼠的增加库以及各种感染模型的详细表征都有助于对细胞毒性T淋巴细胞（CTL）的产生和功能进行更精确和确定的分析。理解效应子和记忆CTL分化背后的机制对于开发针对各种已建立和正在出现的传染病的疫苗接种策略越来越重要。这篇综述集中在我们对效应子和记忆CTL如何在病毒或细菌感染中体内分化和存活方面的理解的最新进展。