The ability of fishes, amphibians, and reptiles to survive extremes of oxygen availability derives from a core triad of adaptations: profound metabolic suppression, tolerance of ionic and pH disturbances, and mechanisms for avoiding free-radical injury during reoxygenation. For long-term anoxic survival, enhanced storage of glycogen in critical tissues is also necessary. The diversity of body morphologies and habitats and the utilization of dormancy have resulted in a broad array of adaptations to hypoxia in lower vertebrates. For example, the most anoxia-tolerant vertebrates, painted turtles and crucian carp, meet the challenge of variable oxygen in fundamentally different ways: Turtles undergo near-suspended animation, whereas carp remain active and responsive in the absence of oxygen. Although the mechanisms of survival in both of these cases include large stores of glycogen and drastically decreased metabolism, other mechanisms, such as regulation of ion channels in excitable membranes, are apparently divergent. Common themes in the regulatory adjustments to hypoxia involve control of metabolism and ion channel conductance by protein phosphorylation. Tolerance of decreased energy charge and accumulating anaerobic end products as well as enhanced antioxidant defenses and regenerative capacities are also key to hypoxia survival in lower vertebrates.

中文翻译：

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爬行动物，两栖动物和鱼类的耐缺氧性：氧气供应可变的生活。

鱼类，两栖动物和爬行动物在极端的氧气供应条件下生存的能力源于以下三方面的适应：深层的代谢抑制，对离子和pH干扰的耐受性以及避免在复氧过程中自由基损伤的机制。为了长期缺氧生存，糖原在关键组织中的储存也是必要的。人体形态和栖息地的多样性以及休眠的利用已导致低等脊椎动物对缺氧的适应能力广泛。例如，最耐缺氧的脊椎动物（彩绘的乌龟和cru鱼）以根本不同的方式遇到可变氧的挑战：乌龟经历近乎悬浮的动画，而鲤鱼在缺氧的情况下仍保持活跃和响应。尽管在这两种情况下的生存机制都包括大量的糖原积蓄和新陈代谢急剧下降，但其他机制，例如可兴奋性膜中离子通道的调节，显然是不同的。调节缺氧的常见主题涉及通过蛋白质磷酸化控制新陈代谢和离子通道传导。降低能量电荷和积累厌氧终产物的耐受性以及增强的抗氧化剂防御能力和再生能力也是低等脊椎动物低氧生存的关键。调节缺氧的常见主题涉及通过蛋白质磷酸化控制新陈代谢和离子通道传导。降低能量电荷和积累厌氧终产物的耐受性以及增强的抗氧化剂防御能力和再生能力也是低等脊椎动物低氧生存的关键。调节缺氧的常见主题涉及通过蛋白质磷酸化控制新陈代谢和离子通道电导。降低能量电荷和积累厌氧终产物的耐受性以及增强的抗氧化剂防御能力和再生能力也是低等脊椎动物低氧生存的关键。