Carbonyl groups are frequently found in endogenous or xenobiotic compounds. Reactive carbonyls, formed during lipid peroxidation or food processing, and xenobiotic quinones are able to covalently modify DNA or amino acids. They can also promote oxidative stress, the products of which are thought to be an important initiating factor in degenerative diseases or cancer. Carbonyl groups are reduced by an array of distinct NADPH-dependent enzymes, belonging to several oxidoreductase families. These reductases often show broad and overlapping substrate specificities and some well-characterized members, e.g., carbonyl reductase (CBR1) or NADPH-quinone reductase (NQO1) have protective roles toward xenobiotic carbonyls and quinones because metabolic reduction leads to less toxic products, which can be further metabolized and excreted. This review summarizes the current knowledge on structure and function relationships of the major human and mammalian carbonyl reductases identified.

中文翻译：

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羰基还原酶：哺乳动物羰基还原和醌还原酶的复杂关系及其在生理中的作用。

羰基经常在内源性或异源性化合物中发现。在脂质过氧化或食品加工过程中形成的反应性羰基化合物和异生物醌能够共价修饰DNA或氨基酸。它们还可以促进氧化应激，氧化产物被认为是退化性疾病或癌症的重要引发因素。羰基被一系列不同的NADPH依赖性酶还原，这些酶属于几个氧化还原酶家族。这些还原酶通常表现出广泛且重叠的底物特异性，并且某些特征明确的成员，例如羰基还原酶（CBR1）或NADPH-醌还原酶（NQO1）对异生生物羰基和醌具有保护作用，因为代谢减少会导致毒性较低的产物，被进一步代谢和排泄。