Xenobiotic resistance in insects has evolved predominantly by increasing the metabolic capability of detoxificative systems and/or reducing xenobiotic target site sensitivity. In contrast to the limited range of nucleotide changes that lead to target site insensitivity, many molecular mechanisms lead to enhancements in xenobiotic metabolism. The genomic changes that lead to amplification, overexpression, and coding sequence variation in the three major groups of genes encoding metabolic enzymes, i.e., cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s), esterases, and glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs), are the focus of this review. A substantial number of the adaptive genomic changes associated with insecticide resistance that have been characterized to date are transposon mediated. Several lines of evidence suggest that P450 genes involved in insecticide resistance, and perhaps insecticide detoxification genes in general, may share an evolutionary association with genes involved in allelochemical metabolism. Differences in the selective regime imposed by allelochemicals and insecticides may account for the relative importance of regulatory or structural mutations in conferring resistance.

中文翻译：

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对合成和天然异源生物的代谢抗性的分子机制。

昆虫对异源生物的抗性主要是通过提高排毒系统的代谢能力和/或降低异源生物目标部位的敏感性而发展起来的。与导致靶位点不敏感的核苷酸变化范围有限相反，许多分子机制导致异源生物代谢增强。在编码代谢酶的三大主要基因组中导致扩增，过表达和编码序列变异的基因组变化是研究重点，这些是细胞色素P450单加氧酶（P450s），酯酶和谷胱甘肽S-转移酶（GST）。这次审查。迄今已表征的与杀虫剂抗性有关的大量适应性基因组变化是转座子介导的。有几条证据表明，与杀虫剂抗性有关的P450基因，也许在一般意义上讲，与杀虫剂解毒基因有关，可能与涉及化感代谢的基因共享进化联系。化感化学物质和杀虫剂施加的选择性机制上的差异可能解释了调节性或结构性突变在赋予抗性方面的相对重要性。