This article addresses the relationship between socioeconomic status (SES), family processes, and human development. The topic is framed as part of the general issue of health disparities, which involves the oft-observed positive relationship between SES and the cognitive, social, emotional, and physical well-being of adults and children. A review of recent research and theory identifies three general theoretical approaches that provide possible explanations for the association between SES and individual development: the social causation, social selection, and interactionist perspectives. Empirical evidence demonstrates support for the social causation view that SES affects families and the development of children in terms of both family stress processes (the family stress model) and family investments in children (the family investment model). However, there also is empirical support for the social selection argument that individual characteristics lead to differences in SES. Especially important, recent research is consistent with an interactionist approach, which proposes a dynamic relationship between SES and developmental change over time. Drawing on the combined set of research findings, the article concludes with the description of an interactionist model that serves as a heuristic for future studies of the links among SES, parenting behaviors, and child development.

中文翻译：

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对人类发展的社会经济背景的互动主义观点。

本文介绍了社会经济地位（SES），家庭过程和人类发展之间的关系。该主题的框架是一般性健康差距问题的一部分，该问题涉及SES与成人和儿童的认知，社会，情感和身体健康之间经常被观察到的积极关系。对最新研究和理论的回顾确定了三种通用的理论方法，它们为社会经济与个人发展之间的联系提供了可能的解释：社会因果关系，社会选择和互动主义观点。经验证据表明，社会经济因果关系的观点支持SES从家庭压力过程（家庭压力模型）和家庭对孩子的投资（家庭投资模型）两个方面影响家庭和儿童的发展。但是，对于社会选择论点也有经验支持，即个人特征导致社会经济地位的差异。尤其重要的是，最近的研究与互动主义方法一致，该方法提出了SES与发展变化之间的动态关系。本文以研究结果的总和为基础，对交互作用模型进行了描述，该模型可作为启发式方法，用于将来对SES，育儿行为和儿童发育之间的联系进行研究。