Parasitoids depend on a series of adaptations to the ecology and physiology of their hosts and host plants for survival and are thus likely highly susceptible to changes in environmental conditions. We analyze the effects of global warming and extreme temperatures on the life-history traits of parasitoids and interactions with their hosts. Adaptations of parasitoids to low temperatures are similar to those of most ectotherms, but these adaptations are constrained by the responses of their hosts. Life-history traits are affected by cold exposure, and extreme temperatures can reduce endosymbiont populations inside a parasitoid, eventually eliminating populations of endosymbionts that are susceptible to high temperatures. In several cases, divergences between the thermal preferences of the host and those of the parasitoid lead to a disruption of the temporal or geographical synchronization, increasing the risk of host outbreaks. A careful analysis on how host-parasitoid systems react to changes in temperature is needed so that researchers may predict and manage the consequences of global change at the ecosystem level.

中文翻译：

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从气候变化的角度来看，极端温度对寄生虫的影响。

寄生物依赖于其宿主和宿主植物对其生存的生态和生理的一系列适应，因此很可能易受环境条件变化的影响。我们分析了全球变暖和极端温度对寄生虫生活史特征及其与宿主相互作用的影响。寄生虫对低温的适应性与大多数等温线相似，但这些适应性受到其宿主反应的限制。生命史特征受冷暴露的影响，极端温度可以减少寄生虫内的共生菌数量，最终消除易受高温影响的共生菌数量。在某些情况下，寄主和拟寄生虫的热偏好之间的差异导致时间或地理同步的中断，增加了寄主爆发的风险。需要仔细分析寄主-拟寄生物系统对温度变化的反应，以便研究人员可以预测和管理生态系统层面全球变化的后果。