Paralyzed or paretic muscles can be made to contract by applying electrical currents to the intact peripheral motor nerves innervating them. When electrically elicited muscle contractions are coordinated in a manner that provides function, the technique is termed functional electrical stimulation (FES). In more than 40 years of FES research, principles for safe stimulation of neuromuscular tissue have been established, and methods for modulating the strength of electrically induced muscle contractions have been discovered. FES systems have been developed for restoring function in the upper extremity, lower extremity, bladder and bowel, and respiratory system. Some of these neuroprostheses have become commercialized products, and others are available in clinical research settings. Technological developments are expected to produce new systems that have no external components, are expandable to multiple applications, are upgradable to new advances, and are controlled by a combination of signals, including biopotential signals from nerve, muscle, and the brain.

中文翻译：

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神经肌肉应用的功能性电刺激。

通过将电流施加到使它们瘫痪的完整的外周运动神经，可使瘫痪的或盘状的肌肉收缩。当电诱发的肌肉收缩以提供功能的方式进行协调时，该技术称为功能性电刺激（FES）。在FES研究的40多年中，已经建立了安全刺激神经肌肉组织的原理，并且已经发现了调节电诱导肌肉收缩强度的方法。已开发出FES系统以恢复上肢，下肢，膀胱和肠以及呼吸系统的功能。这些神经假体中的一些已经成为商品化产品，而其他的则可以在临床研究中使用。