BACKGROUND This study aims to identify risk factors for level of offending among childhood offenders from different socio-economic status (SES) neighborhoods and ethnic origins. METHOD Three groups of childhood first time police arrestees were studied using standardized instruments for individual and parental characteristics: native Dutch offenders from moderate to high SES neighborhoods, native Dutch offenders from low SES neighborhoods, and offenders of non-Western origin from low SES neighborhoods. RESULTS All subgroups showed high rates of externalizing disorders (27.2% to 41.8%) and familial difficulties (25.7% to 50.5%). Few differences between neighborhoods were found in the prevalence and impact of risk factors. However, the impact of some family risk factors on offending seemed stronger in the low SES groups. Regarding ethnical differences, family risk factors were more prevalent among non-Western childhood offenders. However, the association of these factors with level of offending seemed lower in the non-Western low SES group, while the association of some individual risk factors were stronger in the non-Western low SES group. Turning to the independent correlation of risk factors within each of the groups, in the Dutch moderate to high SES group, 23.1% of the variance in level of offending was explained by ADHD and behavioral problems; in the Dutch low SES group, 29.0% of the variance was explained by behavioral problems and proactive aggression; and in the non-Western low SES group, 41.2% of the variance was explained by substance use, sensation seeking, behavioral peer problems, and parental mental health problems. CONCLUSIONS Thereby, the study indicates few neighborhood differences in the impact of individual and parental risk factors on offending, while individual and parental risk factors may differ between ethnic groups.

中文翻译：

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与来自不同社会人口和种族群体的首次警察接触的儿童自我报告犯罪的相关性。

背景本研究旨在确定来自不同社会经济地位 (SES) 社区和种族的儿童罪犯的犯罪程度的风险因素。方法 使用针对个人和父母特征的标准化工具对三组童年第一次被警察逮捕的人进行了研究：来自中等至高 SES 社区的荷兰本土罪犯、来自低 SES 社区的荷兰本土罪犯和来自低 SES 社区的非西方血统的罪犯。结果 所有亚组都表现出较高的外在障碍（27.2% 至 41.8%）和家庭困难（25.7% 至 50.5%）。在风险因素的流行和影响方面，社区之间几乎没有差异。然而，一些家庭风险因素对犯罪的影响似乎在低 SES 组中更强。关于种族差异，家庭风险因素在非西方儿童罪犯中更为普遍。然而，这些因素与犯罪程度的相关性在非西方低 SES 组中似乎较低，而在非西方低 SES 组中，某些个体风险因素的相关性更强。谈到每个组内风险因素的独立相关性，在荷兰中度至高 SES 组中，23.1% 的犯罪水平差异是由 ADHD 和行为问题解释的；在荷兰低 SES 组中，29.0% 的差异是由行为问题和主动攻击性解释的；在非西方低 SES 组中，41.2% 的差异是由物质使用、感觉寻求、行为同伴问题和父母心理健康问题解释的。结论由此，