This live cell study of chromatin dynamics in four dimensions (space and time) in cycling human cells provides direct evidence for three hypotheses first proposed by Theodor Boveri in seminal studies of fixed blastomeres from Parascaris equorum embryos: (I) Chromosome territory (CT) arrangements are stably maintained during interphase. (II) Chromosome proximity patterns change profoundly during prometaphase. (III) Similar CT proximity patterns in pairs of daughter nuclei reflect symmetrical chromosomal movements during anaphase and telophase, but differ substantially from the arrangement in mother cell nucleus. Hypothesis I could be confirmed for the majority of interphase cells. A minority, however, showed complex, rotational movements of CT assemblies with large-scale changes of CT proximity patterns, while radial nuclear arrangements were maintained. A new model of chromatin dynamics is proposed. It suggests that long-range DNA-DNA interactions in cell nuclei may depend on a combination of rotational CT movements and locally constrained chromatin movements.

中文翻译：

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循环细胞中的 4D 染色质动力学：重新审视 Theodor Boveri 的假设

这项对循环人类细胞中四个维度（空间和时间）染色质动力学的活细胞研究为 Theodor Boveri 在对来自 Parascaris euquorum 胚胎的固定卵裂球的开创性研究中首次提出的三个假设提供了直接证据：（I）染色体区域（CT）排列在相间期保持稳定。(II) 染色体邻近模式在前中期发生深刻变化。(III) 成对的子核中类似的 CT 接近模式反映了后期和末期的对称染色体运动，但与母细胞核中的排列有很大不同。对于大多数间期细胞，可以证实假设 I。然而，少数表现出 CT 组件的复杂旋转运动，CT 接近模式发生了大规模变化，同时保持径向核安排。提出了一种新的染色质动力学模型。这表明细胞核中的远距离 DNA-DNA 相互作用可能取决于旋转 CT 运动和局部受限染色质运动的组合。