Many decisions involve a degree of personal control over event outcomes, which is exerted through one's knowledge or skill. In three experiments we investigated differences in decision making between prospects based on a) the outcome of random events and b) the outcome of events characterized by control. In Experiment 1, participants estimated certainty equivalents (CEs) for bets based on either random events or the correctness of their answers to U.S. state population questions across the probability spectrum. In Experiment 2, participants estimated CEs for bets based on random events, answers to U.S. state population questions, or answers to questions about 2007 NCAA football game results. Experiment 3 extended the same procedure as Experiment 1 using a within-subjects design. We modeled data from all experiments in a prospect theory framework to establish psychological mechanisms underlying decision behavior. Participants weighted the probabilities associated with bets characterized by control so as to reflect greater risk attractiveness relative to bets based on random events, as evidenced by more elevated weighting functions under conditions of control. This research elucidates possible cognitive mechanisms behind increased risk taking for decisions characterized by control, and implications for various literatures are discussed.

中文翻译：

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在前景理论框架中模拟控制对风险吸引力的影响

许多决定涉及对事件结果的一定程度的个人控制，这是通过一个人的知识或技能来实现的。在三个实验中，我们基于 a) 随机事件的结果和 b) 以控制为特征的事件的结果，调查了潜在客户之间决策的差异。在实验 1 中，参与者根据随机事件或他们在整个概率范围内对美国各州人口问题的回答的正确性来估计投注的确定性当量 (CE)。在实验 2 中，参与者根据随机事件、美国各州人口问题的答案或有关 2007 年 NCAA 足球比赛结果的问题的答案来估计投注的 CE。实验 3 使用受试者内设计扩展了与实验 1 相同的程序。我们在前景理论框架中对所有实验的数据进行建模，以建立决策行为背后的心理机制。参与者对与以控制为特征的赌注相关的概率进行加权，以反映相对于基于随机事件的赌注更大的风险吸引力，正如在控制条件下更高的加权函数所证明的那样。这项研究阐明了以控制为特征的决策风险承担增加背后可能的认知机制，并讨论了对各种文献的影响。正如在控制条件下更高的加权函数所证明的那样。这项研究阐明了以控制为特征的决策风险承担增加背后可能的认知机制，并讨论了对各种文献的影响。正如在控制条件下更高的加权函数所证明的那样。这项研究阐明了以控制为特征的决策风险承担增加背后可能的认知机制，并讨论了对各种文献的影响。