The biotic and geologic dynamics of the Great American Biotic Interchange are reviewed and revised. Information on the Marine Isotope Stage chronology, sea level changes as well as Pliocene and Pleistocene vegetation changes in Central and northern South America add to a discussion of the role of climate in facilitating trans-isthmian exchanges. Trans-isthmian land mammal exchanges during the Pleistocene glacial intervals appear to have been promoted by the development of diverse non-tropical ecologies.

中文翻译：

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伟大的美国生物交流：扩散、构造、气候、海平面和围栏

审查和修订了美国大生物交流中心的生物和地质动力学。关于海洋同位素阶段年表、海平面变化以及南美洲中部和北部的上新世和更新世植被变化的信息增加了对气候在促进跨地峡交流中的作用的讨论。更新世冰川期跨地峡陆地哺乳动物的交流似乎受到了多样化非热带生态发展的促进。