Biomineralization processes such as formation of bones and teeth require controlled mineral deposition and self-assembly into hierarchical biocomposites with unique mechanical properties. Ideal biomaterials for regeneration and repair of hard tissues must be biocompatible, possess micro and macroporosity for vascular invasion, provide surface chemistry and texture that facilitate cell attachment, proliferation, differentiation of lineage specific progenitor cells, and induce deposition of calcium phosphate mineral. To expect in-vivo like cellular response several investigators have used extracellular matrix proteins as templates to recreate in-vivo microenvironment for regeneration of hard tissues. Recently, several novel methods of designing tissue repair and restoration materials using bioinspired strategies are currently being formulated. Nanoscale structured materials can be fabricated via the spontaneous organization of self-assembling proteins to construct hierarchically organized nanomaterials. The advantage of such a method is that polypeptides can be specifically designed as building blocks incorporated with molecular recognition features and spatially distributed bioactive ligands that would provide a physiological environment for cells in-vitro and in-vivo. This is a rapidly evolving area and provides a promising platform for future development of nanostructured templates for hard tissue engineering. In this review we try to highlight the importance of proteins as templates for regeneration and repair of hard tissues as well as the potential of peptide based nanomaterials for regenerative therapies.

中文翻译：

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硬组织工程中的蛋白质模板

骨骼和牙齿的形成等生物矿化过程需要受控的矿物质沉积和自组装成具有独特机械性能的分层生物复合材料。用于硬组织再生和修复的理想生物材料必须具有生物相容性，具有适合血管侵袭的微孔和大孔，提​​供促进细胞附着、增殖、谱系特异性祖细胞分化的表面化学和纹理，并诱导磷酸钙矿物质的沉积。为了期望体内类似的细胞反应，一些研究人员使用细胞外基质蛋白作为模板来重建用于硬组织再生的体内微环境。最近，目前正在制定几种利用仿生策略设计组织修复和恢复材料的新方法。纳米结构材料可以通过自组装蛋白质的自发组织来构建分层组织的纳米材料。这种方法的优点是多肽可以被专门设计为与分子识别特征和空间分布的生物活性配体结合的构建块，这将为细胞提供体外和体内的生理环境。这是一个快速发展的领域，为硬组织工程纳米结构模板的未来开发提供了一个有前途的平台。在这篇综述中，我们试图强调蛋白质作为硬组织再生和修复模板的重要性，以及基于肽的纳米材料用于再生治疗的潜力。