The beetle suborder Adephaga is traditionally divided into two sections on the basis of habitat, terrestrial Geadephaga and aquatic Hydradephaga. Monophyly of both groups is uncertain, and the relationship of the two groups has implications for inferring habitat transitions within Adephaga. Here we examine phylogenetic relationships of these groups using evidence provided by DNA sequences from all four suborders of beetles, including 60 species of Adephaga, 4 Archostemata, 3 Myxophaga, and 10 Polyphaga. We studied 18S ribosomal DNA and 28S ribosomal DNA, aligned with consideration of secondary structure, as well as the nuclear protein‐coding gene wingless. Independent and combined Bayesian, likelihood, and parsimony analyses of all three genes supported placement of Trachypachidae in a monophyletic Geadephaga, although for analyses of 28S rDNA and some parsimony analyses only if Coleoptera is constrained to be monophyletic. Most analyses showed limited support for the monophyly of Hydradephaga. Outside of Adephaga, there is support from the ribosomal genes for a sister group relationship between Adephaga and Polyphaga. Within the small number of sampled Polyphaga, analyses of 18S rDNA, wingless, and the combined matrix supports monophyly of Polyphaga exclusive of Scirtoidea. Unconstrained analyses of the evolution of habitat suggest that Adephaga was ancestrally aquatic with one transition to terrestrial. However, in analyses constrained to disallow changes from aquatic to terrestrial habitat, the phylogenies imply two origins of aquatic habit within Adephaga.

中文翻译：

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三个核基因显示的陆生食甲虫的单系性（鞘翅目：步甲科和粗皮甲虫科）


甲虫亚目 Adephaga 传统上根据栖息地分为两部分：陆生 Geadephaga 和水生 Hydradephaga。两个类群的单系性是不确定的，并且两个类群的关系对于推断 Adephaga 内的栖息地转变具有重要意义。在这里，我们使用甲虫所有四个亚目的 DNA 序列提供的证据来检查这些类群的系统发育关系，包括 60 种甲虫、4 种原虫、3 种粘虫和 10 种多食虫。我们研究了 18S 核糖体 DNA 和 28S 核糖体 DNA，考虑二级结构以及核蛋白编码基因 wingless。对所有三个基因的独立和组合的贝叶斯、似然性和简约分析支持将 Trachypachidae 置于单系 Geadephaga 中，尽管仅当鞘翅目被限制为单系时才进行 28S rDNA 分析和一些简约分析。大多数分析显示对Hydradephaga 单系的支持有限。在 Adephaga 之外，核糖体基因支持 Adephaga 和 Polyphaga 之间存在姐妹群关系。在少量的多食动物样本中，18S rDNA、无翅和组合基质的分析支持多食动物的单系性，不包括圆盘总科。对栖息地演化的无限制分析表明，Adephaga 的祖先是水生动物，有一次过渡到陆生动物。然而，在不允许从水生栖息地改变为陆地栖息地的分析中，系统发育意味着 Adephaga 内水生习性的两个起源。