During fermentation, yeast cells are exposed to a number of stresses — such as high alcohol concentration, high osmotic pressure, and temperature fluctuation — so some overlap of mechanisms involved in the response to these stresses has been suggested. To identify the genes required for tolerance to alcohol (ethanol, methanol, and 1-propanol), heat, osmotic stress, and oxidative stress, we performed genome-wide screening by using 4828 yeast deletion mutants. Our screens identified 95, 54, 125, 178, 42, and 30 deletion mutants sensitive to ethanol, methanol, 1-propanol, heat, NaCl, and H₂O₂, respectively. These deleted genes were then classified based on their cellular functions, and cross-sensitivities between stresses were determined. A large number of genes involved in vacuolar H⁺-ATPase (V-ATPase) function, cytoskeleton biogenesis, and cell wall integrity, were required for tolerance to alcohol, suggesting their protective role against alcohol stress. Our results revealed a partial overlap between genes required for alcohol tolerance and those required for thermotolerance. Genes involved in cell wall integrity and the actin cytoskeleton are required for both alcohol tolerance and thermotolerance, whereas the RNA polymerase II mediator complex seems to be specific to heat tolerance. However, no significant overlap of genes required for osmotic stress and oxidative stress with those required for other stresses was observed. Interestingly, although mitochondrial function is likely involved in tolerance to several stresses, it was found to be less important for thermotolerance. The genes identified in this study should be helpful for future research into the molecular mechanisms of stress response.

中文翻译：

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全基因组鉴定参与酿酒酵母中对各种环境胁迫的耐受性的基因。

在发酵过程中，酵母细胞会面临多种压力——例如高酒精浓度、高渗透压和温度波动——因此有人提出了对这些压力的反应所涉及的机制存在一些重叠。为了鉴定对酒精（乙醇、甲醇和 1-丙醇）、热、渗透胁迫和氧化胁迫的耐受性所需的基因，我们使用 4828 个酵母缺失突变体进行了全基因组筛选。我们的筛选分别鉴定了对乙醇、甲醇、1-丙醇、热、NaCl 和 H ₂ O ₂敏感的 95、54、125、178、42 和 30 个缺失突变体。然后根据它们的细胞功能对这些缺失的基因进行分类，并确定压力之间的交叉敏感性。大量基因参与液泡 H⁺-ATPase (V-ATPase) 功能、细胞骨架生物发生和细胞壁完整性是耐受酒精所必需的，表明它们对酒精应激具有保护作用。我们的结果揭示了酒精耐受性所需的基因与耐热性所需的基因之间存在部分重叠。酒精耐受性和耐热性都需要涉及细胞壁完整性和肌动蛋白细胞骨架的基因，而 RNA 聚合酶 II 介质复合物似乎对耐热性具有特异性。然而，没有观察到渗透胁迫和氧化胁迫所需的基因与其他胁迫所需的基因显着重叠。有趣的是，尽管线粒体功能可能涉及对几种压力的耐受性，但发现它对耐热性不太重要。